Edwardsiella tarda что это

ЭДВАРДСИЕЛЛЕЗ

Эдвардсиеллез наносит значительный ущерб при выращивании угря и канального сома.

Этиология. Возбудителем являются представители сем. Entero-bacteriaceae — Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri — мелкие прямые па­лочки размером 1×2—3 мкм (рис. 27). Подвижные за счет перит-рихиальных жгутиков клетки Е. ictaluri подвижны при 25 «С, при 37 °С — нет. Оптимальная температура для роста Е. tarda 37 °С, для Е. ictaluri предпочтительна более низкая. Е. tarda ферментирует глюкозу и некоторые другие углеводы с образованием кислоты и часто газа. Е. ictaluri практически инертна. Каталазоположительны и, как все энтеробактерии, оскидазоотрицательны, спор и капсул не образуют.

Эпизоотология. К эдвардсиеллезу чувствительны угорь, каналь­ный сом, золотая рыбка, большеротый окунь, американский со-Мик-кошка, ручьевая форель, некоторые виды аквариумных рыб. Е. tarda была также обнаружена у различных других животных, включая тюленей, морских львов, черепах, аллигаторов, змей. Упоминается в качестве патогена при некоторых заболеваниях че­ловека, крупного рогатого скота и птиц.

Заболевание провоцируется повышением температуры воды до 30 «С и выше и высоким содержанием органических веществ в Воде. Е. ictaluri вызывает кишечную септицемию у канальных со-Мов, сопровождающуюся гибелью до 50 % популяции, в связи с чем эдвардсиеллез канального сома Международное эпизоо­тическое бюро относит к опас­ным инфекциям рыб.

Клинические признаки и па­тогенез. У пораженной рыбы от­мечают опухоли, сопровождаю­щиеся мелкими геморрагиями и перфорациями в области печени и почек, в селезенке и почках, выделены колонии бактерий в виде серовато-белых пятен. На голове, особенно на жаберных крышках, и на поверхности тела наблюдают кровоточащие язвы. В настоящее время различа­ют две формы эдвардсиеллеза: нефротическую и гепатическую.

При нефротической форме отмечают некротические пора­жения в гемопоэтической тка­ни почек, в дальнейшем раз­вивающиеся в обширные язвы. В язвенных поражениях бактерии размножаются и вызывают расплавление окружающих тканей. Хо­рошо заметны метастатические поражения в различных органах.

Рис. 27. Edwardsiella tarda — возбудитель эдвардсиеллеза

При гепатической форме эдвардсиеллеза обширные поражения с расплавлением тканей в начальных стадиях появляются в пече­ни. При прогрессировании болезни в печени формируются об­ширные язвенные абсцессы, гнойный перитонит и распростране­ние воспаления на другие органы.

Кроме культивируемых угрей эпизоотия эдвардсиеллеза была зарегистрирована среди популяции кефали в Японии. Поражен­ная рыба отличалась нарушением координации движения, держа­лась у поверхности воды. На теле наблюдались многочисленные обширные абсцессы с резким зловонным запахом, геморрагичес­кими краями. У пораженной рыбы Е. tarda в большом количестве выделялась из почек.

Е. ictaluri ассоциируется с двумя заболеваниями — септическим энтеритом канального сома (ESC) и «дырка в голове» (дырявая го­лова).

Острая, или кишечная, форма, сопровождающаяся высокой ле­тальностью, протекает или с незначительными клиническими признаками, или без таковых. Бактерии можно изолировать из почек.

При хронической, или нейрогенной, форме, приводящей к за­болеванию, известной как «дырявая голова», микроорганизм, находящиися в воде, попадает в обонятельную ямку и мигрирует к мозгу по каналу обонятельного нерва. Классические поражения головы являются результатом разрушения хрящей экстрацеллю-лярным энзимом хондриотиназой.

Болезнь также может протекать в молниеносной форме, без проявления вышеуказанных признаков.

Диагноз основывается на выделении и идентификации этиоло­гического агента. Первичное вьщеление лучше делать из почек на триптиказасоевом агаре (TSA) или агаре «Д», инкубируемом при 20—25 °С в течение 2—4 сут. Через 48 ч инкубирования на агаре вырастают небольшие, круглые, прозрачные, слабовыпуклые ок­сид азоотрицательные колонии.

Меры борьбы. Профилактика болезни основана на предупреж­дении прониковения ее в благополучные хозяйства, строгом со­блюдении рыбоводно-санитарных требований. Особое внимание уделяют условиям содержания рыбы, качеству корма, заменяют пастообразный корм, содержащий фарш или селезенку крупного рогатого скота или рыбы, на качественный гранулированный ком­бикорм.

Терапию проводят после определения чувствительности выде­ленных штаммов к антибактериальным лечебным препаратам.

В зарубежной практике рекомендован террамицин (окситетра-циклин) с кормом в количестве 50 мг/кг массы рыбы в день, в те­чение 4—7 дней. Гибель рыбы в прудах резко снижается, однако полное выздоровление и заживление поражений является дли­тельным процессом.

Источник

Edwardsiella tarda

Причины: У пресноводных и иногда у морских рыб, обитающих в теплых водах, может развиваться болезнь, вызываемая бактерией Edwardsiella tarda. Особенно часто эта болезнь встречается у мраморного сома (Ictalurus punctatus). Возбудителем является палочкообразная бактерия, не образующая спор. Особенно часто эта болезнь начинается при температурах выше 30°С, что связано с сильным органическим загрязнением воды.

Симптомы: Вначале наблюдаются небольшие дефекты поверхностных тканей, позже проявляются большие по площади абсцессы на мышечных тканях. В возникающих язвах образуется зловонная кашицеобразная субстанция из жидкости тканей, содержащая большие газовые пузыри. Поверхность тела становится бугристо-пузыристой.

Течение: В аквариумах болезнь может быстро распространяться и вести к большим жертвам.

Лечение: Обработка окситетрациклином из расчета 50-75 мг/л воды в течение 48 часов, через неделю — повторить. Повтор осуществляется обязательно через 1 неделю. Лечение производить в отдельном карантинном аквариуме. Зараженный стационарный аквариум следует освободить от воды, очистить и продезинфицировать.

Профилактика: В целях общей профилактики заболевания рекомендуется поддерживать оптимальные условия существования рыбок, чтобы воспрепятствовать или полностью устранить возможность поражения этим возбудителем.

Особенности: Эта болезнь распространена в Японии и на юге США, но может попасть и в Европу с импортируемой рыбкой Ictalurus punctatus, оказавшись таким образом в наших аквариумах.

Источник

Акваловер

Аквариумистика — аквариум новичкам, аквариум любителям, аквариум профессионалам

Патогенные бактерии в аквариуме. Vibrio и другие

Самое читаемое

Edwardsiella tarda

Бактерия палочкообразная, не образует спор.

Часто активизируется при температуре выше 30 градусов по Цельсию, так как при этом создается сильно загрязненная органическими веществами вода, создавая благоприятную среду для развития Edwardsiella tarda.

При заболевании воспаляется кожа, и образуются язвы. В язвах образуется жидкость с большими газовыми пузырями. Все тело становится «багристо-пузыристым».

Epitheliocystis

Очень быстро распространяются в перенаселенном биотопе. Вызывает гиперплазию (сильное увеличение) жабр и их последующее разрушение. Кожа на всем теле и жабрах деформируется. В тяжелых случаях жаберные крышки оттопыриваются, дыхании затрудняется, и рыба погибает.

Вибрионы Vibrio

Бактерия-палочка анаэробная, грамотрицательная, кислотонеустойчивая. Представляют собой прямые или изогнутые палочки (0,4-0,7 х 1,5-2,3 мкм). Подвижны, капсул и спор не образуют.

Передвигается с помощью жгутиков. Атакует в основном морских рыб и рыб из солоноватых водоемов. Однако разновидность Vibrio anguillarum «тип С» может вызвать у пресноводных рыб вибриоз.

Vibrio anguillarum

Бактерия-палочка анаэробная, грамотрицательная, кислотонеустойчивая.

Передвигается с помощью жгутиков. Не образует спор. Оптимальной температурой развития бактерии является 26 градусов по Цельсию, однако растут и при температуре от 4 до 37 градусов.

Вызывает у рыб заболевание вибриоз. Это заболевание солоноводных рыб, в пресноводных аквариумах встречается редко. Болезнь может протекать в острой или хронической форме. Симптомами являются повреждения, кровоизлияния и язвы на коже, воспаление кишечника, водянка. Распространяется очень быстро, и при отсутствии лечения приводит к летальному исходу.

Источник

Edwardsiella tarda

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Edwardsiella tarda

Contents

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Gamma proteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae

Species

Description and significance

Edwardsiella tarda was the first species identified of the genus Edwardsiella, and was named after a renowned microbiologist P. R. Edwards (Janda, 1991). E. tarda was originally named Edwardsiella anguilimortifera, but it was ultimately changed to E. tarda because this name was used more often in scientific reports. E. tarda is a Gram-negative bacilli that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and was first characterized in 1965 (Health, 2001). E. tarda has many traits that are characteristic of many enterobacteria such as E. coli. These characteristics include it being a facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped, and motile (Health 2001). Its motility is due to peritrichous flagella. Although Edwardsiella tarda was initially characterized more than thirty years ago, there is still very little known about this bacterium. E. tarda is known for causing diseases in both humans and fish, both of which can potentially be fatal if untreated. Though this may be the case, the likelihood of a serious infection is very slim. As a fish pathogen, it is of particular importance to aquaculture and the fishing industry, especially commercial fish farms. It may become more of a significant health issue to fish and humans alike, especially in light of emerging and increasing antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, due in large part to overuse of antibiotics in fish farming (Greenlees et al., 1998; Lehane and Rawlin, 2000). Some studies have focused on using proteomics and molecular techniques to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis in Edwardsiella tarda (Rao et al., 2004). Studies such as these have allowed the characterization of novel toxin secretion pathways, such as the discovery of a type VI secretion system essential for E. tarda pathogenesis (Zheng and Leung, 2007). These types of analyses help us better understand bacterial pathogenesis in general, as well as provide new insights for fighting disease.

Genome structure

There are two genomes for strains of E. tarda in progress (documented in NCBI): strains ATCC 23685 and EIB 202 (Du, 2007). ATCC 23685 is a strain commonly found in normal human gut flora, while EIB 202 is a virulent strain that causes disease in many fresh water and marine fish (Du, 2007).

Cell structure and metabolism

E. tarda is a Gram-negative bacilli. E. tarda has many traits that are characteristic of many enterobacteria such as E. coli. These characteristics include it being a facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped, and motile (Health 2001). Its motility is due to peritrichous flagella. It is positive for glucose fermentation, but negative for lactose fermentation and is unable to grow on D-mannitol or D-sorbitol. E. tarda is also oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. It does not produce urease but is similar to Salmonella in that it is able to generate hydrogen sulfide on laboratory media.

Ecology

Edwardsiella tarda is predominantly found in freshwater environments colonizing the guts of fish, including flounder living off the coasts of East Asia and catfish that live in regions of the United States. It can also be found in the intestinal tract of birds, reptiles, and mammals (Janda et. al, 1991). It can be found as part of the human intestinal flora as well, although this seems to be rare, and is usually due to an infection or prolonged contact with contaminated water. Other factors that increase the risk of getting an infection include high iron concentration, very young or old age, or an immune incompetence.

Recent research has suggested the increasing presence of E. tarda in Antarctic wildlife including those animals that live outside aquatic systems. According to Leotta and colleagues, two reported cases of injured or wounded wildlife with E. tarda infections led to performing a study of the prevalence of E. tarda in the Antarctic wildlife. In their study, “The classic Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from 281 (15.1%) of 1,855 Antarctic wildlife samples obtained from southern giant petrels, brown skuas, greater sheathbills, Adelie penguins, gentoo penguins and chinstrap penguins from Potter Peninsula in 2000 and 2002. “ (Leotta et al., 2009). Samples of feces, eggs, and other means were taken from those various species. “[They] considered that E. tarda was a common bacterium in the feces of Antarctic birds and mammals, because no significant differences were found with regard to the areas and seasons investigated. This was supported by the fact that there were no significant differences in the distribution of positive rates obtained within the species evaluated. However, E. tarda was described as an opportunistic bacterial pathogen and has been commonly isolated from different healthy, sick and moribund Wsh, birds and reptiles in several ecosystems around the world.” (Leotta et al., 2009). The study concluded that the presence of E. tarda was common among many species in the Antarctic, although more tests had to be run to see other possible pathogenic traits. The presence of E. tarda even in smaller numbers as reported by this study only highlights the possibility of the spread of disease in Antarctic wildlife and further study may help with identifying and evaluating the condition of this and other ecosystems.

Pathology

E. tarda is typically found in the normal gut flora of fish and humans, and can be an opportunistic pathogen in human, causing gastroenteritis and diarrhea (Verjan, 2005). E. tarda has a high affinity for red blood cells due to specific fimbriae that it produces. As a result, Edwardsiella tarda has hemagglutination properties (Sakai, 2003). The fimbriae are encoded in the genome as a region made of 534 base pairs (Sakai, 2003). Scientists have found that the hemagglutination properties of E. tarda is inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid and fetuin, but not D-mannose (Sakai, 2003). In the lab, E. tarda is easily grow on nutrient agar plates and nutrient broth. Though Edwardsiella tarda was first characterized in the 60’s, there have been few studies done to test its relative pathogenicity. However, the few research that has been conducted on it shows that it releases dermatotoxins that damage the skin. Studies also show that E. tarda is invasive in HEp-2 cell monolayers, and that it produces a cell-associated hemolysin and siderophores (Janda et al, 1991). Siderophores are iron-binding molecules produced by freshwater and marine bacteria. These siderophores are related to microbial virulence, and scavenge the iron inside of host cells, providing the microbial cell essential micronutrients (Janda et al, 1991). E. tarda flagellar genes, fliC12, fliA and flhDC are essential for the number and length of flagellar filaments, and subsequently the swimming and swarming ability of E. tarda. These genes have also been shown to aid biofilm formation ability, adherence and internalization to Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, and pathogenicity to zebrafish. E. tarda has been shown to be resistant to the bactericidal properties of host serum[1] by preventing serum complement activation via the alternative pathway[2]. This important virulence factor is facilitated by several host serum-induced proteins, including the novel putative zinc metalloprotease (Sip1)[3]. When used as a subunit vaccine, purified recombinant Sip1 (rSip1) effectively induced protection in flounder fish against E. tarda infection. The type III secretion system (T3SS) of E. tarda enables infection by translocating effector proteins into host cells[1]. The E. tarda T3SS gene cluster consists of 34 genes[1], including the esrA-esrB genes which contribute to the virulence of E. tarda. The gene esrB is responsible for the secretion of translocon proteins like EseB[1]. EseB mediates autoaggregation and subsequently biofilm formation of E. tarda by forming filamentous appendages on the bacterial surface[2].As there is iron deprivation in the host, the CAH (cell-associated hemolysin) of E. tarda provides iron by cleaving erythrocytes and releasing hemoglobin. Because E. tarda is so prevalent in the freshwater environment, it is easy to see why many of the organisms living within these areas will carry E. tarda within their intestinal tract. Many gram-negative bacteria (including E. tarda) use ferric uptake regulator (Fur) as an important transcriptional regulator. In E. tarda, Fur’s role is significant and multifaceted; Fur affects the growth, siderophore production, and acid tolerance of E. tarda, helps protect against oxidative stress and host serum, helps inhibit host immune response, and generally increases the overall virulence of the bacterium. This microorganism is an opportunistic pathogen, and is able to live inside and outside of the host organism. One of the most common diseases among freshwater fish is hemorrhagic septicemia, also known as edwardsiellosis, which usually results in the death of the fish (Yousuf, 2006). This disease is usually prevalent in flounder. Pathogenic E. tarda was first isolated and documented in farmed striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in fish sampled between October 2007 and May 2008 from a farm in the Bhimavaram district of Andhra Pradesh, located on the east coast of India. A higher prevalence of infection was observed in the summer as opposed to the winter[1]. A few known epidemics of edwardsiellosis have been recorded, and can be devastating to the fish population, but if the infection is detected early, the epidemic may be easily avoided (Yousuf, 2006). Two outbreaks of Edwardsiellosis were recorded in October 2013 and July 2014 in cage-cultured sharpsnout sea breams, Diplodus puntazzo, in a single commercial fish farm located in the Saronikos Bay of Eastern Greece. This was not only the first report of Edwardsiellosis in this species, but also the first report of E. tarda in cage-cultured fish in the Mediterranean, in general. In humans, E. tarda can cause gastroenteritis, which is infection in the stomach and intestines (Clarridge, 1980). This is especially true in areas where raw fish is a large part of their daily diet. E. tarda can also cause colitis and dysentery-like diseases in humans (Janda et al., 1991) as well as gastroenteritis, infections of wounds, gas gangrene associated with trauma to mucosal surfaces, and systemic disease such as septicemia and meningitis (Janda and Abbott, 1993). These gastroenteritis cases are usually misdiagnosed and attributed to other agents. The best way to avoid an E. tarda infection would is to not spend too much time in contaminated water, and practice good hygiene habits.

E. tarda can even be transferred to infants during the birthing process. Mowbray and her colleagues described a case where a 6-day old boy had E. tarda growing within its gastrointestinal tract since the time of birth. The strain of E. tarda was the same as the one found colonizing the mother’s vaginal and gastrointestinal areas, as demonstrated by both fingerprinting and antibiotic susceptibility analyses (Mowbray, 2002). The mother had spent time in contaminated lake water during her pregnancy, demonstrating that exposure of the mother to contaminated water poses a risk to newborn babies (Mowbray, 2002). The incidence of E. tarda infection in newborns is increasing. Before 2003, there were only two known cases of neonatal sepsis caused by Edwardsiella tarda (Mowbray, 2002). By 2003, however, there were a total of 300 cases of E. tarda infection, in which 83% of the patients had gastroenteritis. Studies showed that E. tarda is able to become part of the vaginal flora and then cause neonatal sepsis through infection at birth. Very little is known about the vaginal colonization of E. tarda, but there were only a handful of cases where patients had gynecologic infections (Mowbray, 2002). E. tarda has hemolytic properties which can cause reddening and systemic hemorrhagic septicemia in infected fish. Hemolysis is facilitated by the pore-forming cytotoxic protein, Cytolysin A (ClyA), which is encoded by the clyA gene. Eha protein was found to act as an important transcriptional regulator of clyA, and thus also of general hemolytic activity in E. tarda.

Although Edwardsiella tarda may cause infection in humans – some of which can become lethal, there are many ways to prevent infection. E. tarda is still very susceptible to many antibiotics, including ampicillin, antifolates, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, most β-lactams, and nitrofurantoin (Stock, 2001). On the other hand, these bacteria are very resistant to colistin, glycopeptides, lincosamides, streptogramins, and rifampin (Stock, 2001). Compared to the other species in the genus Edwardsiella, E. tarda is also resistant to oxacillin and benzylpenicillin (Stock, 2001).

Other types of treatment that would inhibit E. tarda’s growth include moist and dry heat, usually above 121˚C or above 160˚C respectively. Edwardsiella tarda is also susceptible to many disinfectants such as 70% ethanol, iodine, and formaldehyde (Stock, 2001).

In their article, “Human Edwardsiellosis Traced to Ornamental Fish,” Vandepitte et. Al review the pathogenic role of Edwardsiella tarda and the role of that “ornamental” fish play in transmitting infections. E. tarda can cause human Edwardsiellosis, an intestinal infection. It is most prevalent in tropical areas such as Singapore, Vietnam, and Cuba. The article reviewed a case report involving a two month old infant male in suburban Belgium, and had two days of vomiting. The infant did not have a fever and the stool cultures were normal. Following this initial exam it was the reported that the infant experienced diarrhea, and unformed stools that had a yellowish color and contained mucus. This time the stool culture came back positive for E. tarda. This was the first documented case of a human Edwardsiellosis in Belgium. The patient was then followed for two months, in which the diarrhea continued and additional stool cultures remained positive for E. tarda. Antibiotics where prescribed for two weeks, after which the stool cultures were normal. The patient’s home was found to have an aquarium which contained ornamental fish. A Pterophyllum scalarem, a tropical fish that originates in Brazil, was retrieved. The fish was was cultured and tested positive for Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and E. tarda. The authors write, “The introduction of ornamental fish into pediatric hospitals presents a potential hazard for neonates and young infants” (Vandepitte 166) because they are potential vehicles for transmission. This case study brings to light that contact with tropical fish, even in an aquarium setting, may increase your risk of transmitting and/or becoming infected by bacterial pathogens such as E. tarda.

Current Research

The sequencing of the genome is still in progress.

In the article «Detection of different quorum-sensing signal molecules in a virulent Edwardsiella tarda strain LTB-4″, researchers describe the possible quorom sensing molecules used by virulent strains of Edwardsiella tarda. The specific strain studied was LTB-4 which was isolated from the brain of a turbot, this fish as well as zebrafish are commonly infected with E. tarda. Quorom sensing is a process through which bacteria regulate gene expression in response to population density. E. tarda LTB-4 was found to possess two systems of quorom sensing; the N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) system and the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) system. Four types of AHLs were identified in E. tarda LTB-4: C4-HSL, C6-HSL, 3-oxo-C6-HSL, and another uncharacterized AHL molecule. AHL molecules accumulated during the entire growth phase of the culture, but ceased production at peak levels; at this point the AHL levels recovered to even higher levels. The autoinducer system was found to produce molecules at low densities, but not during stationary phase when cell density was highest. Interestingly, the virulence of other bacteria is highest at this point when AI-2 production is at a peak, further investigation could show whether this is true or not in E. tarda, and is a possible pathway to be manipulated for treatment.

References

Clarridge, J. E., D. M. Musher, V. Fainstein, and R. J. Wallace. «Extraintestinal human infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda.» J Clin Microbiol. (1980): 511-14.

DSMZ. “Bacterial nomenclature up-to-date.” 2004.

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Edited by students Hans Han, Michael Le, Andy Nguyen, and Michael Pham under the supervision of Dr. Maia Larios-Sanz at the University of St. Thomas

Edited by Students Diana Deavila, Gaurav Rana, Kevin Kamis, Anthony Savushkin, Lauren White, and Ryan Winslow Students of Mary Glogowski Loyola University Chicago

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