Engine pressure ratio что это
engine pressure ratio
Смотреть что такое «engine pressure ratio» в других словарях:
engine pressure ratio — The ratio of the turbine discharge pressure to the compressor inlet pressure. This ratio indicates the amount of thrust produced by the turbine engine … Aviation dictionary
Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio — The Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio (IEPR) is the ratio of the pressure at the core engine exhaust and fan discharge pressure compared to the intake pressure to the gas turbine engine.In some gas turbine engines the engine pressure ratio (EPR)… … Wikipedia
Overall pressure ratio — In aeronautical engineering, the term overall pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the stagnation pressure as measured at the front and rear of the compressor of a gas turbine engine. Generally speaking, a higher overall pressure ratio… … Wikipedia
Engine indicating and crew alerting system — An example of information found on a EICAS Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) is an integrated system used in modern aircraft to provide aircraft crew with aircraft engines and other systems instrumentation and crew annunciations … Wikipedia
engine trimming — i. A maintenance procedure in which the turbine engine fuel control is adjusted. The idling RPM and the high end performance are adjusted to get the specified values of exhaust gas temperature or engine pressure ratio at the specified RPM. The… … Aviation dictionary
Engine tuning — is the adjustment, modification or design of internal combustion engines to yield optimal performance, either in terms of power output or economy. It has a long history, almost as long as the development of the car in general, originating with… … Wikipedia
Engine braking — is where the retarding forces within an engine are used to slow a vehicle down, as opposed to using an external braking mechanism, for example friction brakes or magnetic brakes. The term is often confused with several other types of braking,… … Wikipedia
Engine knocking — Pinging redirects here. For other uses, see Ping (disambiguation). Knocking (also called knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) in spark ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the… … Wikipedia
Engine displacement — One complete cycle of a four cylinder, four stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in orange. Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top… … Wikipedia
Engine Alliance GP7000 — The Engine Alliance GP7000 (known as the GP7200 for a brief time period) is a new turbofan jet engine that will incorporate advanced technologies of proven wide body products, originally from the world s No.1 and No.3 aero engine manufacturers,… … Wikipedia
engine pressure ratio
Смотреть что такое «engine pressure ratio» в других словарях:
engine pressure ratio — The ratio of the turbine discharge pressure to the compressor inlet pressure. This ratio indicates the amount of thrust produced by the turbine engine … Aviation dictionary
Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio — The Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio (IEPR) is the ratio of the pressure at the core engine exhaust and fan discharge pressure compared to the intake pressure to the gas turbine engine.In some gas turbine engines the engine pressure ratio (EPR)… … Wikipedia
Overall pressure ratio — In aeronautical engineering, the term overall pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the stagnation pressure as measured at the front and rear of the compressor of a gas turbine engine. Generally speaking, a higher overall pressure ratio… … Wikipedia
Engine indicating and crew alerting system — An example of information found on a EICAS Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) is an integrated system used in modern aircraft to provide aircraft crew with aircraft engines and other systems instrumentation and crew annunciations … Wikipedia
engine trimming — i. A maintenance procedure in which the turbine engine fuel control is adjusted. The idling RPM and the high end performance are adjusted to get the specified values of exhaust gas temperature or engine pressure ratio at the specified RPM. The… … Aviation dictionary
Engine tuning — is the adjustment, modification or design of internal combustion engines to yield optimal performance, either in terms of power output or economy. It has a long history, almost as long as the development of the car in general, originating with… … Wikipedia
Engine braking — is where the retarding forces within an engine are used to slow a vehicle down, as opposed to using an external braking mechanism, for example friction brakes or magnetic brakes. The term is often confused with several other types of braking,… … Wikipedia
Engine knocking — Pinging redirects here. For other uses, see Ping (disambiguation). Knocking (also called knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) in spark ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the… … Wikipedia
Engine displacement — One complete cycle of a four cylinder, four stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in orange. Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top… … Wikipedia
Engine Alliance GP7000 — The Engine Alliance GP7000 (known as the GP7200 for a brief time period) is a new turbofan jet engine that will incorporate advanced technologies of proven wide body products, originally from the world s No.1 and No.3 aero engine manufacturers,… … Wikipedia
engine pressure ratio
Смотреть что такое «engine pressure ratio» в других словарях:
engine pressure ratio — The ratio of the turbine discharge pressure to the compressor inlet pressure. This ratio indicates the amount of thrust produced by the turbine engine … Aviation dictionary
Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio — The Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio (IEPR) is the ratio of the pressure at the core engine exhaust and fan discharge pressure compared to the intake pressure to the gas turbine engine.In some gas turbine engines the engine pressure ratio (EPR)… … Wikipedia
Overall pressure ratio — In aeronautical engineering, the term overall pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the stagnation pressure as measured at the front and rear of the compressor of a gas turbine engine. Generally speaking, a higher overall pressure ratio… … Wikipedia
Engine indicating and crew alerting system — An example of information found on a EICAS Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) is an integrated system used in modern aircraft to provide aircraft crew with aircraft engines and other systems instrumentation and crew annunciations … Wikipedia
engine trimming — i. A maintenance procedure in which the turbine engine fuel control is adjusted. The idling RPM and the high end performance are adjusted to get the specified values of exhaust gas temperature or engine pressure ratio at the specified RPM. The… … Aviation dictionary
Engine tuning — is the adjustment, modification or design of internal combustion engines to yield optimal performance, either in terms of power output or economy. It has a long history, almost as long as the development of the car in general, originating with… … Wikipedia
Engine braking — is where the retarding forces within an engine are used to slow a vehicle down, as opposed to using an external braking mechanism, for example friction brakes or magnetic brakes. The term is often confused with several other types of braking,… … Wikipedia
Engine knocking — Pinging redirects here. For other uses, see Ping (disambiguation). Knocking (also called knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) in spark ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the… … Wikipedia
Engine displacement — One complete cycle of a four cylinder, four stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in orange. Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top… … Wikipedia
Engine Alliance GP7000 — The Engine Alliance GP7000 (known as the GP7200 for a brief time period) is a new turbofan jet engine that will incorporate advanced technologies of proven wide body products, originally from the world s No.1 and No.3 aero engine manufacturers,… … Wikipedia
Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
Engineering
Eddie sez:
As an engineer, EPR is simply a ratio of pressures, simple.
As a pilot, Engine Pressure Ratio is FM, you know, magic. It very rarely is what your books tell you, the ratio of the pressure leaving the engine divided by the pressure entering the engine. About half the airplanes in my logbook used EPR as the primary indication of engine thrust, but of those I think only one used the classical definition of EPR. The rest used something else that was convenient, but certainly not exit pressure divided by inlet pressure.
Last revision:
The NASA / Aero Engineering Explanation
The purest way to measure an engine’s thrust is to mount it on a stand that measures force — think of a bathroom scale turned on its side — add some fuel and ignition and read the scale. They do that with the engine in the design and test phases, but that is hardly practical when the thing is mounted to an airplane.
You can also stick a pressure probe in the inlet to measure what the engineer typically calls P2, and another in the aft end of the engine to measure P8. The basic definition is that you can measure an engine’s thrust by dividing the pressure at the tail pipe (pt8 in the drawing) by the pressure and the inlet (pt2) to come up with an Engine Pressure Ratio suitable for viewing in the cockpit as an instantaneous representation of thrust.
Does the pilot really need EPR to fly the airplane? No, but some indication of engine thrust is key to flying the airplane precisely in what professional aviators call the Control and Performance technique.
A Few Examples
(From my sordid past.)
T-37 Example (RPM)
In many airplanes engine speed is measured directly in terms of revolutions per minute, RPM, and that is present to the pilot as a percentage of its maximum rated RPM, such as with the T-37:
While the RPM was rarely a good measure of differences in thrust — a 2 percent change near idle was hardly noticeable; a 2 percent change nearer the maximum produced a big change — it was good enough.
T-38 Example (RPM)
Figure: Engine Tachometer, from Technical Order 1T-38A/B-1, pg. 5-2.
The T-38 also used RPM but needed additional indications to reflect the performance of its after burning engine. But pilots primarily relied on RPM:
KC-135A Example (EPR)
Figure: Pilot’s Center Instrument Panel, from Technical Order 1C-135(K)A-1, pg. 1-14
The KC-135A used RPM for basic limitations, but takeoff thrust was measured in EPR using probes just like in the basic definition: one in front and one in back.
The engines were grossly underpowered and the EPR proved it: 1.83 was takeoff rated thrust.
B-707 Example (Bypassed EPR)
Figure: Engine Diagram, from Technical Order 1C-135(E)C-1, pg. 1-9.
The TF-33 engine on our Boeing 707’s, while not water injected, still measured EPR the same way: a probe in front and a probe in back, four gauges up front.
There was a difference, however. Some of the air from the front compressor bypassed the rest of the engine completely. This gave us more thrust, as if from a propeller, but that thrust wasn’t measured.
EPR was starting to become a «representation of thrust,» as opposed to a true measure.
Boeing 747 Example (RPM)
The four GE CF-6 engines are marvels of technology, each producing over 65,000 lbs. of thrust with an efficiency unheard of at the time. EPR? They didn’t use engine pressure ratio at all, all power changes were made using RPM.
Gulfstreams and EPR
Gulfstream II/III (Spey)
Figure: Engine Diagram, from Technical Order 1C-20B-1, pg. 1-14.
Though I suspect the manuals were wrong, in the GIII, EPR was supposed to be just like it says in Jet Engine 101:
[Technical Order 1C-20B-1, pg. 1-22.] An engine pressure ratio (EPR) indicator for each engine is installed in the main instrument panel. The indicator provides an indication of engine power in the form of the ratio of exhaust total pressure (P7) to intake total pressure (P1).
The EPR gauge read P7 divided by P1, exhaust divided by inlet pressure. The takeoff power number tended to be around 2.5 but could be nearly 2.9 at some pressure altitudes and temperatures.
Gulfstream IV (Tay)
Figure: Powerplant General Arrangement, from Gulfstream GIV Operating Manual, § 2A-71-00, pg. 3.
In the GIV the operating manual says the engine has a pressure ratio of 16 to 1 and yet a typical takeoff EPR would be 1.7, clearly the Tay engine was not using exhaust divided by inlet pressure. The manual says EPR is the ratio of fan pressure to total intake pressure, perhaps proving the manual was written by a history major.
Gulfstream V/G550 (BR-710)
Figure: Powerplant General Arrangement, from Gulfstream GV Aircraft Operating Manual, § 2A-71-00, pg. 4.
The GV AOM [2A-77-10 ¶2.B.] says «EPR is used for thrust setting and is defined as the core exhaust total pressure (P50) divided by the engine inlet total pressure (P20),» which again agrees with the basic definition. But the BR-710 engine has a pressure ratio of 25.7 to 1 while typical takeoff EPR numbers rarely exceed 1.5. (So they want you to believe the GV has less thrust than a GIV?)
What Gulfstream EPR Really Means
It is no wonder there are generations of GIV and GV pilots who do not understand EPR. In a rare bit of clarity, the G550 operating manual sheds light on what EPR in the BR-710 actually means:
[Gulfstream G550 Aircraft Operating Manual, ¶2A-76-30] Since actual engine thrust can only be measured in a test facility, a surrogate measurement of thrust is used to manage engine power. The primary thrust setting reference on the Engine window(s) display is Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR). EPR is defined as the ratio of pressure sensed at the rear of the Low Pressure (LP) turbine to the pressure of the ambient atmosphere. The ratio measures the increase in ambient pressure generated by the action of the engine compressor stages and the energy of combustion driving the engine turbine stages. EPR is measured by the engine EEC and communicated to the Modular Avionics Units (MAUs) for use by the display systems. A typical EPR value for takeoff thrust at an airport near sea level on a standard day is one point five three (1.53). The EPR value is not a true indication of actual engine thrust since it does not measure the propulsive force generated by the LP fan stage air that effectively contributes a thrust component equivalent to some turbopropellers. EPR is used for thrust management because it most accurately measures the internal forces of the engine compressor and turbine stages.
Not to be outdone, the G450 compares ambient air pressure measured by the pitot/static system to the pressure within the engine aft bypass air duct:
No matter where it comes from, Gulfstream admits what we really knew all along:
[Gulfstream G450 Aircraft Operating Manual, § 2A-76-00, pg. 9] The EPR value is not a true indication of actual engine thrust since it does not measure the propulsive force generated by the LP fan stage air that effectively contributes a thrust component equivalent to some turbopropellers. EPR is used for thrust management because it most accurately measures the internal forces of the engine compressor and turbine stages.
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См. также в других словарях:
engine pressure ratio — The ratio of the turbine discharge pressure to the compressor inlet pressure. This ratio indicates the amount of thrust produced by the turbine engine … Aviation dictionary
Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio — The Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio (IEPR) is the ratio of the pressure at the core engine exhaust and fan discharge pressure compared to the intake pressure to the gas turbine engine.In some gas turbine engines the engine pressure ratio (EPR)… … Wikipedia
Overall pressure ratio — In aeronautical engineering, the term overall pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the stagnation pressure as measured at the front and rear of the compressor of a gas turbine engine. Generally speaking, a higher overall pressure ratio… … Wikipedia
Engine indicating and crew alerting system — An example of information found on a EICAS Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) is an integrated system used in modern aircraft to provide aircraft crew with aircraft engines and other systems instrumentation and crew annunciations … Wikipedia
engine trimming — i. A maintenance procedure in which the turbine engine fuel control is adjusted. The idling RPM and the high end performance are adjusted to get the specified values of exhaust gas temperature or engine pressure ratio at the specified RPM. The… … Aviation dictionary
Engine tuning — is the adjustment, modification or design of internal combustion engines to yield optimal performance, either in terms of power output or economy. It has a long history, almost as long as the development of the car in general, originating with… … Wikipedia
Engine braking — is where the retarding forces within an engine are used to slow a vehicle down, as opposed to using an external braking mechanism, for example friction brakes or magnetic brakes. The term is often confused with several other types of braking,… … Wikipedia
Engine knocking — Pinging redirects here. For other uses, see Ping (disambiguation). Knocking (also called knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) in spark ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the… … Wikipedia
Engine displacement — One complete cycle of a four cylinder, four stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in orange. Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in a single movement from top… … Wikipedia
Engine Alliance GP7000 — The Engine Alliance GP7000 (known as the GP7200 for a brief time period) is a new turbofan jet engine that will incorporate advanced technologies of proven wide body products, originally from the world s No.1 and No.3 aero engine manufacturers,… … Wikipedia